Memasuki jenjang SMA, materi grammar bahasa Inggris menjadi lebih kompleks dan mendalam. Grammar bahasa Inggris untuk anak SMA tidak hanya tentang menghafal rumus, tapi juga memahami kapan dan bagaimana menggunakannya dalam konteks yang tepat.
Artikel ini membahas materi grammar bahasa Inggris untuk anak SMA secara lengkap, mulai dari kelas 10 hingga kelas 12, beserta contoh dan latihan soal yang sering muncul di ujian.
Perbedaan Grammar SMP dan SMA
Sebelum masuk ke materi, pahami dulu perbedaan level grammar di SMP dan SMA.
| Aspek | SMP | SMA |
|---|---|---|
| Tenses | 4-5 tenses dasar | 16 tenses lengkap |
| Kalimat | Sederhana | Kompleks dengan multiple clauses |
| Passive | Dasar | Semua tenses + variasi |
| Conditional | Type 0, 1 | Type 0, 1, 2, 3 + Mixed |
| Fokus | Pemahaman rumus | Aplikasi dalam konteks |
Materi Grammar Bahasa Inggris SMA Kelas 10
Berikut materi grammar yang dipelajari di kelas 10 SMA.
1. Review dan Pendalaman 16 Tenses
Di SMA, kamu akan mempelajari 16 tenses secara lengkap. Berikut ringkasannya.
Present Tenses:
| Tense | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | S + V1 (s/es) | She writes a letter. |
| Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | She is writing a letter. |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 | She has written a letter. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | S + have/has + been + V-ing | She has been writing a letter for an hour. |
Past Tenses:
| Tense | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Past | S + V2 | She wrote a letter. |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | She was writing a letter. |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 | She had written a letter before he came. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | S + had + been + V-ing | She had been writing a letter for an hour. |
Future Tenses:
| Tense | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Future | S + will + V1 | She will write a letter. |
| Future Continuous | S + will + be + V-ing | She will be writing a letter at 8 PM. |
| Future Perfect | S + will + have + V3 | She will have written a letter by tomorrow. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | S + will + have + been + V-ing | She will have been writing for 2 hours. |
Past Future Tenses:
| Tense | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Past Future | S + would + V1 | She said she would write a letter. |
| Past Future Continuous | S + would + be + V-ing | She would be writing a letter. |
| Past Future Perfect | S + would + have + V3 | She would have written a letter. |
| Past Future Perfect Continuous | S + would + have + been + V-ing | She would have been writing. |
Untuk pemahaman lebih dalam tentang penggunaan tense dalam percakapan sehari-hari, baca artikel Penggunaan Tense dalam Percakapan.
2. Gerund dan Infinitive
Dua bentuk kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai noun.
Gerund (Verb + ing sebagai noun):
| Penggunaan | Contoh |
|---|---|
| Sebagai subject | Swimming is good for health. |
| Sebagai object | I enjoy reading books. |
| Setelah preposition | She is interested in learning English. |
| Setelah certain verbs | They finished doing homework. |
Verbs diikuti Gerund: enjoy, finish, avoid, consider, suggest, mind, practice, keep, quit, admit, deny, imagine, risk, postpone
Infinitive (to + Verb):
| Penggunaan | Contoh |
|---|---|
| Sebagai subject | To learn English is important. |
| Sebagai object | I want to study abroad. |
| Setelah adjective | I am happy to meet you. |
| Menyatakan tujuan | She went to the library to borrow books. |
Verbs diikuti Infinitive: want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, promise, agree, refuse, learn, offer, afford, seem, appear
Verbs diikuti keduanya (beda makna):
| Verb | + Gerund | + Infinitive |
|---|---|---|
| stop | Stop smoking. (berhenti merokok) | Stop to smoke. (berhenti untuk merokok) |
| remember | I remember meeting him. (ingat pernah) | Remember to meet him. (ingat untuk) |
| forget | I forgot locking the door. (lupa sudah) | I forgot to lock the door. (lupa untuk) |
| try | Try eating this. (coba makan) | Try to eat this. (berusaha makan) |
3. Causative Verbs
Kata kerja yang menunjukkan seseorang menyuruh orang lain melakukan sesuatu.
Active Causative:
| Verb | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| make | S + make + O + V1 | She made him cry. |
| have | S + have + O + V1 | I had my brother fix the car. |
| let | S + let + O + V1 | She let me go. |
| get | S + get + O + to V1 | I got him to help me. |
Passive Causative:
| Verb | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| have | S + have + O + V3 | I had my car repaired. |
| get | S + get + O + V3 | I got my car repaired. |
Contoh penggunaan:
- I have my hair cut every month. – Aku memotong rambutku (di salon) setiap bulan.
- She got her phone fixed yesterday. – Dia memperbaiki HP-nya (oleh teknisi) kemarin.
4. Parallel Structure
Struktur paralel dalam kalimat yang menggunakan elemen serupa.
Aturan: Elemen yang dihubungkan dengan conjunction (and, or, but) harus dalam bentuk yang sama.
Contoh Benar:
- She likes swimming, reading, and cooking. (gerund + gerund + gerund)
- He is smart, diligent, and kind. (adjective + adjective + adjective)
- I came, I saw, I conquered. (verb + verb + verb)
Contoh Salah:
- ❌ She likes swimming, to read, and cooking.
- ✅ She likes swimming, reading, and cooking.
Materi Grammar Bahasa Inggris SMA Kelas 11
Berikut materi grammar yang dipelajari di kelas 11 SMA.
1. Conditional Sentences Lengkap
Di SMA, kamu mempelajari semua tipe conditional termasuk mixed conditional.
Type 0 (General Truth):
- If + Simple Present, Simple Present
- If you heat ice, it melts.
Type 1 (Real Possibility):
- If + Simple Present, Simple Future
- If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
Type 2 (Unreal Present):
- If + Simple Past, would + V1
- If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.
Type 3 (Unreal Past):
- If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3
- If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
Mixed Conditional:
| Type | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| 2-3 | If + Past Perfect, would + V1 | If I had taken the medicine, I would be healthy now. |
| 3-2 | If + Simple Past, would + have + V3 | If I were rich, I would have bought that house. |
Inversi dalam Conditional:
- Had I known, I would have come. (= If I had known…)
- Were I you, I would accept the offer. (= If I were you…)
- Should you need help, call me. (= If you should need help…)
2. Subjunctive Mood
Digunakan untuk menyatakan harapan, saran, atau kondisi tidak nyata.
Wish + Past (harapan sekarang):
- I wish I had more time. – Andai aku punya lebih banyak waktu.
- I wish I were taller. – Andai aku lebih tinggi.
Wish + Past Perfect (harapan tentang masa lalu):
- I wish I had studied harder. – Andai aku belajar lebih keras.
- I wish I had not said that. – Andai aku tidak mengatakan itu.
Wish + Would (harapan tentang kebiasaan orang lain):
- I wish you would stop smoking. – Aku berharap kamu berhenti merokok.
- I wish it would stop raining. – Aku berharap hujan berhenti.
As if / As though:
- She acts as if she were the boss. – Dia bertindak seolah dia bosnya.
- He talks as though he knew everything. – Dia bicara seolah tahu segalanya.
It’s time + Past:
- It’s time we left. – Sudah waktunya kita pergi.
- It’s high time you got a job. – Sudah saatnya kamu dapat pekerjaan.
Would rather + Past:
- I would rather you came tomorrow. – Aku lebih suka kalau kamu datang besok.
- She would rather I didn’t tell anyone. – Dia lebih suka kalau aku tidak memberitahu siapapun.
3. Relative Clauses Lanjutan
Di SMA, relative clauses dipelajari lebih mendalam.
Defining vs Non-Defining:
| Type | Ciri | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Defining | Tanpa koma, essential | The man who called you is my uncle. |
| Non-defining | Dengan koma, extra info | My uncle, who lives in Jakarta, is a doctor. |
Reduced Relative Clauses:
| Full | Reduced |
|---|---|
| The man who is standing there is my father. | The man standing there is my father. |
| The book which was written by him is popular. | The book written by him is popular. |
| The girl who won the contest is my sister. | The girl winning the contest is my sister. |
Relative Pronouns dengan Preposition:
- The man to whom I talked is a professor. (formal)
- The man whom I talked to is a professor. (informal)
- The house in which she lives is old. (formal)
- The house which she lives in is old. (informal)
Untuk memahami struktur kalimat lebih lengkap, baca artikel Struktur Kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang Wajib Dikuasai.
4. Noun Clause
Klausa yang berfungsi sebagai noun.
Sebagai Subject:
- What she said is true. – Apa yang dia katakan adalah benar.
- That he passed the exam surprised me. – Bahwa dia lulus ujian mengejutkanku.
- Whether he will come is uncertain. – Apakah dia akan datang tidak pasti.
Sebagai Object:
- I know that she is honest. – Aku tahu bahwa dia jujur.
- I wonder where he went. – Aku bertanya-tanya kemana dia pergi.
- She asked if I could help. – Dia bertanya apakah aku bisa membantu.
Sebagai Complement:
- The problem is that we don’t have enough time. – Masalahnya adalah kita tidak punya cukup waktu.
- My question is whether you can come. – Pertanyaanku adalah apakah kamu bisa datang.
Materi Grammar Bahasa Inggris SMA Kelas 12
Berikut materi grammar yang dipelajari di kelas 12 SMA.
1. Inversion
Pembalikan posisi subject dan auxiliary verb.
Setelah Negative Adverbs:
| Adverb | Contoh |
|---|---|
| Never | Never have I seen such a beautiful place. |
| Rarely | Rarely does she come late. |
| Seldom | Seldom do they eat out. |
| Hardly | Hardly had I arrived when it started to rain. |
| Not only | Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. |
| No sooner | No sooner had I left than it started to rain. |
Setelah Only:
- Only then did I realize my mistake. – Baru saat itu aku menyadari kesalahanku.
- Only by working hard can you succeed. – Hanya dengan bekerja keras kamu bisa sukses.
Dalam Conditional:
- Had I known, I would have helped. (= If I had known…)
- Were she here, she would agree. (= If she were here…)
- Should you need help, let me know. (= If you should need help…)
2. Cleft Sentences
Kalimat yang menekankan bagian tertentu.
It-Cleft:
- Normal: John broke the window yesterday.
- It-Cleft: It was John who broke the window yesterday. (emphasis on John)
- It-Cleft: It was the window that John broke yesterday. (emphasis on window)
- It-Cleft: It was yesterday that John broke the window. (emphasis on time)
Wh-Cleft:
- Normal: I need your help.
- Wh-Cleft: What I need is your help.
- Normal: She said something rude.
- Wh-Cleft: What she said was something rude.
3. Ellipsis dan Substitution
Menghilangkan atau mengganti kata untuk menghindari pengulangan.
Ellipsis (penghilangan):
- She can play guitar, and I can (play guitar) too. → She can play guitar, and I can too.
- I haven’t seen the movie, but she has (seen the movie). → I haven’t seen the movie, but she has.
Substitution dengan “so” dan “not”:
- “Will it rain?” “I think so.” (= I think it will rain)
- “Is she coming?” “I hope not.” (= I hope she is not coming)
Substitution dengan “one/ones”:
- I don’t like this shirt. I prefer the blue one.
- These apples are rotten. Give me the fresh ones.
4. Emphatic Structures
Struktur untuk memberikan penekanan.
Do/Does/Did untuk emphasis:
- I do love you. – Aku benar-benar mencintaimu.
- She does know the answer. – Dia benar-benar tahu jawabannya.
- I did tell you! – Aku benar-benar sudah memberitahumu!
The very / The only:
- This is the very book I’ve been looking for. – Ini buku yang persis aku cari.
- She is the only person who knows the truth. – Dia satu-satunya orang yang tahu kebenarannya.
What-clause untuk emphasis:
- What surprises me is his attitude. – Yang mengejutkanku adalah sikapnya.
- What I want to say is this. – Yang ingin aku katakan adalah ini.
Untuk belajar cara membuat kalimat tanya dengan struktur yang benar, baca artikel Grammar untuk Membuat Kalimat Tanya.
Contoh Soal Grammar SMA dan Pembahasan
Berikut contoh soal yang sering muncul di ujian.
Soal 1: Gerund vs Infinitive
She suggested ___ the meeting until next week.
a. to postpone b. postponing c. postpone d. postponed
Jawaban: b. postponing
Pembahasan: Verb “suggest” selalu diikuti gerund, bukan infinitive.
Soal 2: Conditional Type 3
If I ___ harder, I would have passed the exam.
a. study b. studied c. had studied d. have studied
Jawaban: c. had studied
Pembahasan: Conditional Type 3 menggunakan “If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3”.
Soal 3: Subjunctive
I wish I ___ a car. I have to take the bus every day.
a. have b. had c. has d. having
Jawaban: b. had
Pembahasan: “Wish” untuk present unreal situation diikuti Simple Past.
Soal 4: Inversion
Never ___ such a beautiful sunset.
a. I have seen b. have I seen c. I saw d. did I saw
Jawaban: b. have I seen
Pembahasan: Setelah “Never” di awal kalimat, terjadi inversi (auxiliary + subject).
Soal 5: Causative
I had my motorcycle ___ yesterday.
a. repair b. repaired c. repairing d. to repair
Jawaban: b. repaired
Pembahasan: Passive causative “have + object + V3”.
Tips Sukses Belajar Grammar SMA
Berikut tips untuk menguasai grammar SMA dengan efektif.
1. Kuasai Fondasi Dulu
Pastikan grammar SMP sudah kuat sebelum melanjutkan ke materi SMA yang lebih kompleks.
2. Pelajari dalam Konteks
Jangan hanya menghafal rumus. Pelajari grammar melalui bacaan, film, atau lagu agar lebih kontekstual.
3. Latihan Soal UTBK/SBMPTN
Untuk kelas 12, fokus pada latihan soal-soal UTBK karena banyak soal grammar yang muncul.
4. Buat Mind Map
Visualisasikan hubungan antar konsep grammar dengan mind map agar lebih mudah diingat.
5. Diskusi dengan Teman
Belajar bersama teman bisa membantu memahami konsep yang sulit melalui diskusi.
6. Praktik Writing
Tulis essay atau jurnal dalam bahasa Inggris untuk mengaplikasikan grammar yang sudah dipelajari.
Menguasai grammar bahasa Inggris untuk anak SMA membutuhkan konsistensi dan latihan terus-menerus. Dengan memahami konsep dan banyak berlatih, kamu akan siap menghadapi ujian sekolah maupun tes masuk perguruan tinggi.
Ingin belajar grammar dengan bimbingan profesional dan metode yang terstruktur? Yuk, bergabung di Kampung Inggris Jakarta dan tingkatkan kemampuan bahasa Inggrismu untuk persiapan ujian dan masa depan!
